How can I tell if my E-series audio interface can properly drive my dynamic microphone? I've heard it only has 58dB of usable gain.
This is a common misconception. Your E-series audio interface actually provides 58dB of analog gain and an additional 20dB of software-based digital gain.
The primary goal of gain staging is to capture a signal with a high signal-to-noise ratio, with peaks landing somewhere between -18dBFS and -12dBFS on your DAW's meters. This range provides ample headroom for post-processing and mixing. The true purpose of a preamp's gain is to lift the input signal well above the audio interface's analog-to-digital converter (ADC) noise floor, not to be overwhelmed by it.
Analog gain is what increases your signal's SNR. Once the analog gain has raised the signal sufficiently above the noise floor, its role in improving SNR is complete, and its function becomes similar to that of digital gain—simply making the signal louder. Digital gain is incredibly useful for boosting the final signal to the ideal level without adding noise.
For most dynamic and condenser microphones on the market, you only need about 25dB to 30dB of analog gain to achieve the highest possible input SNR. After that, you can use the digital gain to bring the signal up to the desired -18dBFS to -12dBFS range. This is the optimal way to get a clean, strong signal.
Therefore, you can use almost any dynamic microphone with an E-series audio interface with no issues. The idea that only analog gain is "usable" and that the numerical value alone determines if a mic can be properly "driven" is a leftover misconception from a time when digital gain technology wasn't as advanced. There's no need to have any anxiety about gain when using this approach.